Revetment



E. JONES.

REVETMENT.

APFLlcATloN man nmz?, 1920.

'1 ,407,866 Patented Feb. 28, 1922.

4 SHEETSSHEET 2.

E. JONES.

REVETMENT. APPLICATION man D`Ec.2`1,192o.

A Patented Feb. 28, 1922.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

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E. JONES.

REVETNIENT.

APPLICATION FILEDA D Ec= 27, 192

Patented nebyzs, 1922.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

BME-Na EDWARD JONES, oF Lnevnnwearn,` KANSAS.

f'REVETMENT.

v Application eld December 27,1920. Serial No; 433,235.

To aZZwLo/m it may concern:

Be it known that I, EDWARD Jonas, a c1tizenof the v.United States,residing at Leavenwortlndn the county of Leavenworth practicalimprovement yto overcome certain serious and important practical`objections to, and f defects in, pastY and I present forms, styles andstructures of `revetment and method of constructing same. An important`object of my inventioniis to provide'the river bed adjoiningthe riverbank, or slope with a' vcoating'of Yquarry sp'alls, crushed stone,gravel, yor equivalent material, graded' in size from fine to4 thelargest fragment,- so ythatit'will result in the least percentage ofvoids. This coating is to preferably cover the entire area that is to belater covered by what is known as a foot mattress.

A further object is to provide afoot mattress made from asou'ndbarfgrowth of willows, of suitable diameters anddengths, the lstitchbeing overand under and made in such amanner thatl deepv pockets shallbe formed between `the stitches for the rece'ption of ballastretainer-sin the form vof suitable sir/,e quarry spalls, erft-heirequivalent.

.A still further object of the invention-is to strengthen themattresswith a system 40 of crossed metallic strands laid in engagementwith'the bottom face yofthe foot-inattress, and, at intervals to'bepulled upto the top surface of: the mattress and provided vwith' woodentoggles shoved'iinderl thel bites formed in the strands to twist thecrossing strands and finally wiring both ends of the toggles to the footmattress.

A still further object of the invention is tofprovide the upper face 'ofthe mattress with a` layer of graded quarry spalls, gravel, Crushedstone, orY its equivalent. Y

A" stillr further object of the invention is the provision of= arevetment, andmethod f of'construeting the same, that will guardSpecification of Letters Patent; Patented; Feb. 28,V 1922;

against the possible yscour which: usually: takes lplace within the areaof lthe `river bed covered by the footmattress.

'A still further object of theinventionlis the provision of afrevetment' which* may be successfully used in connection with adikestructure for, protecting 'therd-ike fromun.-

due scour 'off the-river bed, which afscolur -v causesV an underminingwhichared'uc'es vpene.- tration of dike;prlesfiweakening;zsame andallowing foot mattress'towsettle.

Other objects andadvantages ofwthefim y vention will be apparentv during.the course of fthe following specification,rand; what :the inventionconsistsinis :more particularlyrset forth-hereinafter andfinally pointedout-*in thewclaims heretoxappended.. -1

Referring rto the accompanying? drawings forming-apart of thisspecification-wherein -1 i likey characters of an'eference wden'ote;similar partsfthroughout the'severalviews: f f. i Fig.' 1,' is -V a:plany view f of.- my improved revetme'nt with portions thereof.V removedto `.clearly Ishow the structure thereof.

2, is a side.elevatiolitliereof. Fig. 3,isfa`pla1rfviewof.;therrevetmenvr used in connection with a dike; AFigli 45. is a'sideelevationthereof.v i

Fig. 5, is a detailyilizse'ctionalelevation,

of a portion 'of the" revetment.

iReferringg Snow,` to' the accompanying dr-awin-gs, that part 'of theriver: bank;` :desig.y natedf lrshall be` referredftoas the lower bank,'or river bed, and; that. part@v designated 1 Y 2 shall be referredto.as'thezupperbank or shore. 1 In carrying out the aimofnnyi inventionwhere ftherevetment `is. used 'for V.protecting iiver banks remote'from: dikes,-'the upper al.;

bank 2 is trstsuitably'graded with a` view to formingk asuitablelcontinuous slopeffrom its top t0 the river bed, or lowenbankf,and the cross sectionathereoffshall.be` sufficiently Iclosewftogetherto"-deterinine'1fthe 1..; amount of earth' necessaryto'- be cut `fromtheIv upper loa-nkI 2 to'form a suitableslope from the waters edge-'ntotheyriverxbeduon the lower bankto avoid any bluffbankabef low the water.""The slopeof'the'uppe'r bank 2` is determined'. by f' the quality;of"ea.rth'

necessary to makethe opposite fill, and, in no case should a-blul'bankbef-permittedto exist or remain insthe lower: bank 1 l.to'ybe latercovered with"revetment,` eventhoug'h other material has been depositedto aid in securing a continuous slope to the river bed. No attemptshould be made to degrade projecting points as the excess earth causes'a fill and accentuates the trouble.

grading, or from rain lor wave wash,"they should be filled; with earth,sand or equiva lent material. Upon completion of this operation, boththe lower ba'nk2 andthe upper bank l should present a fairly evensurface to receive a suitable graded quarry spall,or crushed stonecoating, or the equivalent thereof, as4 will be hereinafter more fullyset forth.

In advanceof foot mattress weaving and ls following close behind thegrading operavidea suitable and :substantial .bed foundation, or basecoatingdaid upon the lower bank 2, which `coating will result intheleast-number ofvoids. The :coating 3 is spread over the lower-bank 2`of. the river bed to belatercoveredv with `a suitable footmattress,f'which vwill now `be described.

Referring, now, tothe foot vmattress,

designated 4. i Thisv mattress is,V for example, althoughfnotwlimited tosuch` dimensions, approximately twelve inches thick and of a minimumwidth ofapproximately eighty six feet, 'the length thereof being de-vtermined by conditions. f

The shore edgedesignated 5 of the mattress 4, should lie, although notlimited to such.; dimensions, approximately three yfeet above thestandard low water line desig-` nated 6 when work iscarried on, but itmay be placed as high above `the standard levels,

u as desired, depending usually upon the river stagesv at time ofworkfT'he'foot mattress maybe/increasedin `width when working above threefoot stage so that the mattress may extend any .suitable distance outfrom the standard low'water stage vline with the upperbank l.v u a Y The`footlmattress` designated 4, which I employ, ismade from sound.-bargrowth willows designated 7. These willows pref-` erably range from`oneinch'toffour inches in diameter at the butt ends and from twelve Yto twenty five feet long,` although Ido not wish to be understood aslimiting 4myself to such dimensions. The stitch ofthe wili lows informing the ymattress is over'and under,l to form deep pockets betweenthel stitches, which pockets-act 1n the capacityl of retainers of asuitable graded crushed Vhere' holes are made in the slope due tohydraulic quarry spall ballast 7'; A smooth close wovenmat made ofsmaller willows has been found, in years of'practice, to be impracticaland worthless, as such a mattress will not retain'the necessary ballastto carry out the aim of my invention. My object is to Aill all ofthepockets, reticulations or crevices formed in the mattress with suitablegraded ballast causing the mattress and ballast tof-.form close contactwith the lower bank coating or foundation 3 and to act as a substantialvproof or" floor against scour.

A suitable layer or coating 8 of preferably graded quarry spalls,crushed stone, or its equivalent, and of the same quality asthevmattress ballast material is spread over the entire top of the footmattress to coverv and protect the mattress and its ballast,'as ismanifest. y i

Priorgto filling the pockets of the foot ymattress with suitable ballastmaterial, `I

strengthenthe foot mattress 4 by a system of suitable metallic strands.The mattress strengthening system consists of a plurality oflongitudinal strands 9 spaced a suitable distance apartL anda pluralityof transverse strandslO. These strands 9 and 10.are laid in contact withtheA bottom face of the mattress 4. At the intersections of thelongitudinalr and transverse strands 9 and 10, they i are pulled up toform an inverted U-shaped bite l1 extending upwardly a .suitabledistance above the top surface ofthe mattress and cross eachotheratvright angles, as is manifest.`

roeden -toggles12 are employed, and these toggles are,'for example, sixinches in diameter` and four feet long, although not'limited to thesedimensions. 'Thertoggles are shoved under the crossed bites formed bythe strands, and, `the toggles are given a round turn to twist thestrand bites, the toggle acting as alever, as ismanifest. Bothends lofthe toggles areV preferably wiredor otherwise suitably fixed to thewillowsqof the mattress 4" to prevent displacement thereof. `Thesetoggles assist tohold the willows together inthe 4form of a footmattress and further act as baffles to retain therock covering.v uponthe mattress and prevent displacement thereof, .asf is `'mani-` fest. -i.i e

,Briefly speaking,` itis evident ,from the foregoingl description, that.the revetment consists, of a layer of graded quarryspalls, oritsvequivalent to provide a base,` awillow foot mattress formed withdeep pockets, to retain a suitable quarry spall ballast, and finally'atop V'coating of suitably graded quarry ballast, the whole forming abody substantially freefrom voids and providing a revetment which willeliminate the scour and yeroslonwhich is the chief cause of revetmentdestruction; Wherefscour'of the rabaste" r' yerfbed or loiver b'ank'iseliminated, permanent revetment V1s assured.

The foregoing descriptionhas referred toA tliefuse"Y of Vthe revetmentas)k a protection to riverbanks, shores, andthe like andthe folloiving.'Will refer to theuse of my improved revetmentin yeonnectlon with adike, which structures are used on alluvial rivers for diverting andconcentrating channels, closing.

i nated A With three pilings to a clump. The

headsof thefp'iling comprising each clump, are pulled'together 'andlashed with a metallicstrand B.' ,A rider @consisting of long pilingjisdropped between' the tivo rows' of clumps to strengthen the diketransversely. Asuitable crib C extends from the shore end of the dikeand consists of brush c andsuitable stonec intermingled, as shown inFigures a and 5. The stone c may be graded, if desired. y V i p v Theyfailure ofv dikes to carry out their intended purpose is usually due toscour. A proof that the failure is usually due to scour, isfthatl thefoot mattress settles until the penetration` of the piling over acertain area is soi reduced that overturning ofthe piles from Weightabove is the natural result and no amount of cableapacking blocks, ordouble lbracingivill change the result. Soundings taken across abreached section of dikes confirms the conclusion that the kfootmattress settle/mentis the ydirect canse of the. largest per cent ofdikezfaili'ires, thus itis clear that the foot mattress of dikes, as nowused and applied,'certainly do not prevent scour and settlement ofmattress that may result in. disaster to an entire project.

To overcome these dike failures, I employ the same revetment structure`previously de" s'ribed, namely, a graded quarry spall foundationlaidupon the river bed, or lower bank 2 an'dI lay thereupon the Woven willowmattress 4l. `rThis mattr-ess has the greatest possibilities-for makinga scour proofl footing that will stabilize dikestrueturesinthat the footmattress for dikestructures is preferably eonstrncted with the 4brush`top on the under side of the mat so as to press doivn andfho'ld 'inplace the'foundation et scour proof material preventing any loss thereofby displacement. T he pockets :formed in the Woven mat being filled withthe suitable scour proof ballast 7', it will b e in order to View myimproved revetment 'from an entirely different point than the ordinaryWell known Woven Willow mat, for instead of'depending on the mat to actalone as the foundation for a dike, it will assume a secondary place,namely, a retainer for a material that is scour proofA Which, in turn,is

laid upon a graded-quarry spall foundation, Wliiehtis also scour proof,thereby eliminating the possibilities of mat settling adjacent thelbaseof lthe dike piles, as scour of the river. bed ble.

"'Most vanystylel of dike would probably withstand against the forcesfor which they ivere designed,` providingthat thev conditionssurrounding them 'remained' stationary,` but,

limmediately upon completion of a dike, the

conditions 'become very much altered, the area of the waterwayis'decreased, resulting `in 'increased velocity of steam, and, as theriver rises these velocities are greatly accelerated, and whendriftrbegins to lodge againstthe dike, faster restricting the Waterarea, failure of the dike is altogethery too frequent to consider any atthepresent time a'success, due chiefly to scour, which I overcomefby theemployment of my improved 'form of' revetment which is mainly theprovision of means for establishing a foundation which Will prevent anypossible chance offscour ofthe lower bank or river bed.

AThe many advantages ofthe herein described invention ivill readilysuggest themselves to those skilled in the artto whichL it appertains. p

I do not Wish to be understood as limiting myself to the exact detailsof construction and arrangement of parts thereof as herein described,but desire to have it clearly understood that the revetment shown in thedrawings is merelyillustrative, as it is manifestthat rminor variationsand modifications maybe madein the structure Without departing from thespirit yand scope ofmy invention and/the terms of the` appended claims,hence I WishL it to be Clearly understood that I reserve the right tomake any such'changes, or modifications as may fairly fall ivithin thescope vof the appended claims when fairly construed.

Vilhat I claim is: l l5 revetment composed of a lower bank coatingllayer of quarrysspalls graded from nete` the largest fragments toprovide a base layer 'free'from voids, a Woven Willow mattress havingdeep pockets vtherein laid upon the lo-iver bank coating, ballastmaterial .filling the pockets ofthe mattress to cause the mattress andballast to `form close contact with the lovrer bank coating to act as aproof against scour and a coating'of rock material spread over the topsurface of the mattress substantially free from voids.

2. i revetment composed of a lower bank foundation of graded quarryspalls to free the Yfoundation from voids, a Woven Willow 'foot mattresscovering having pockets therein for the foundation, a crushed rockballast carried by the pockets of the mattress to free the mattress ofvoids and establish close thereunder is practically impossi-v reo theupper face of the mattress at the intersections of the strands to form'inverted `U- shaped bites, toggle levers passing through and engagingthe bites for twisting the bites and bring the toggles into engagementwith the top face of the mattress to act as spaced balies and a coveringof suitable rock material spread over the top surface of the mattressand held against displacement by means of the spaced toggles.

4. A revetment comprising a mat composed of woven willow members to formdeep pockets, longitudinal and transverse metallic strands engaging thelower face of the mattress, upright inverted U shaped bites formed atthe intersection of the longitudinal and transverse metallic strands,wooden toggles engaging the bites and held in position by twisting thebites, means for fastening the ends of toggles to the members of themattress so as to form spaced baffles upon the upper face of themattress, rock ballast filling the pockets of the mattress to eliminatevoids therein, a voidless quarry spall foundation spread upon the lowerbank of the river bed upon which the mattress is seated and to formclose contact therewith to prevent scour, and a covering of quarryspalls spread upon the top surface of the mattress and held from casualdisplacement by the toggles aforesaid.

, 5. VA revetment for shore and dike protection composed of a layer ofgraded quarry spalls spread upon the lower bank of a river bed, a wovenwillow mattress having deep` pockets therein, strengthening means forsaid mattress, crushed stone ballast filling the pockets of saidmattress to establish close contact with the lower bank foundation whenlaid thereupon to avoid scour, a top coating of crushed stone spreadupon said mattress and lits ballast filling and means to prevent casual`displacement of thefto'p free from voids, a mattress provided with?deep pockets. laid upon said'spall foundation, ballast filling thepockets of said mat-v tress to free it of voids and cause close con,-tact thereof with the spall foundation to prevent scour, a graded quarryspall top coating for said mattress, and meansfto prevent casualdisplacement of said top coatlng.

7. A revetment comprising a rock material base, a combined woven willowandi rock ma?y terial body laidupon said base and ajrockl materialcoating for said combined ywoven willow androck material body. f e y 8.A revetment comprisingl a lgraded quarry spall base, alayer of wovenwillows having pockets therein, rock material carried by the pockets `ofsaid layer of woven willows to act as a ballast therefor, and a l topcoating of rock material, the several la ers of materials acting as arevetment bo y to veliminate scour of the river bed covered therewith. j

9. A revetment for shore and dike prof' tection comprising a .base layerof ballast material, a reticulation of'willows to form pockets laid uponthe base layer, of ballast material, graded quarryrspalls intermingledwith the reticulation of willows for filling the'pockets of saidreticulation of willows, means for strengtheningthe reticulation ofwillows, spaced toggles fixed to engage the upper surface of saidreticulation of willows anda face layer of ballast material for saidreticulation of willows. e

10. A revetment for shore and dike protection consisting of areticulation of wil-v lows interwoven to form a mat provided with amultiplicity of miscellaneous pockets adapted to be laid upon fthe shoreand river bed, ballast fillingfor the pockets of said spaced togglesconnected to said strengthening means in such a manner as to engage theupper surface ofthe mat and a face layer of ballast materialfor saidmat. l

In testimony whereof, IV have hereunto signed my name to thespecification.

,reticulations of willows, longitudinal and transverse strengtheningmeans for said mat,

'EDWARD JoNEsl. f

